Uses the freon hp refrigerants can be used in virtually all r502based applications, either as a result of retrofitting existing equipment that uses r502 or following development of. It is one of a series prepared to provide a record of the database entries in printed form. In higher concentrations, its odor resembles that of carbon tetrachloride. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. Funding from the air conditioning and refrigeration industry supporting the project consists of direct cost sharing of 6. Thermophysical properties of compressor oils for refrigerating plant article pdf available in lubrication science 252. The chapter also included tabular data superheated vapor region for r4a refrigerant. There is an open access version for this licensed article that can be read free of charge and without license restrictions. Engineering toolbox resources, tools and basic information for engineering and design of technical applications. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the facing page.
Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. No companies have listed products specifically related to this chapters topic. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. Iir conference on thermophysical properties and transport processes of refrigerants. This class includes those refrigerants thats cool by means of absorption or extraction of heat from substances, cooled by the absorption of their latent heat. Discuss refrigerant selection criteria based on thermodynamic, thermophysical, environmental and economic properties. This informatory note first provides the characteristics of the main lowgwp refrigerants that. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of hfc4a reader for pdf files. Refrigerants of this class are those that cool substances, absorbing their reasonable heats. Table 51 lists the characteristics of a typical refrigerants.
The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. This is an important factor to consider when choosing the size of refrigeratorssystem components. Positively innovative refrigerants r32 daikin chemical europe. Pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications. It is consistent with and is intended to complement iso 817. Kanaev the odessa institute of lowtemperature engineering and energetics, petra velikogo street l3, 270057, odessa, cis received 24 july 1990. Spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. The hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants that contain no chlorine and are not harmful to the ozone layer odp 0, see section 5. R22 light green r4a light sky blue r404a orange the name label of the gases are given on the cylinder.
Thermodynamic properties of saturated refrigerant 4a. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. X steam, thermodynamic properties of water and steam. R404a refrigerant properties pdf r404a is a blend of hfc refrigerants commonly used for medium and low. Adobe pdf users will recognize the similarity to the. Isobutane r600a these data are derived from the brochure thermodynamic and physical properties of r600a published by the iir.
Iir conference on thermophysical properties and transport processes of refrigerants keynote talk and paper p. A number of materials have physical and thermodynamic properties suitable for their use as refrigerants. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants 1976 edition. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr. Thermophysical properties of fluids mechanical engineers. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants. R22 properties pdf tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont freon. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. Greenhouse effect global warming clean air act caa alternative refrigerants.
In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it possible to control fully. Purpose the refrigerant database is an information system on alternative refrigerants. Accurate thermophysical properties are available for several fluids. Fluids suitable for refrigeration purposes can be classified. In addition, engineering concepts and physical chemistry knowledge are not combined in these books. Properties of refrigerant r22 saturated liquid and saturated vapor both imperial and metric units. The thermophysical properties of the brines influence the energy transport processes and so affect the performance of plants and equipment. Affecting this degradation are a refrigerants critical temperature and molar heat. Thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants. It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost.
The content of the open access version may differ from that of the licensed version. It has a boiling point of 21f at atmospheric pressure. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant. Thermophysical properties of refrigerant 22 at atmospheric pressure. The thermodynamic properties are interrelated and mainly depend on normal boiling point, critical temperature, molecular weight and structure. Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants a refrigerant is a fluid used in a refrigeration system to extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and high pressure during condensation. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants r11, r12, r. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants by american society of heating, refrigerating and airconditioning engineers. Refrigerants r402a, r402b, and r404a properties, uses. This project was made possible with american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 funds. State equation, equation of saturated vapor pressure, equation of liquid volume, equation of specific heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy for r11, r12.
Xoj 9617 sltlvd l l09l seqjeselolt\\l phll l thermophysical properties of liquid secondary refrigerants. It is odorless in concentrations of less than 20 percent by volume in air. It was chosen as the preferred equation of state because it provided the most accurate. Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. A thermodynamic chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates is presented as well as an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Thermophysical properties of refrigerant r4a sciencedirect. Goodwin10 developed a set of spreadsheet calculations of thermodynamic properties. Climatefriendlier air conditioning chemicals hard to find, study shows. R32 has a gwp about one third that of r410a, and it has excellent properties as a refrigerant. Thus, in the design and performance estimation of components, equipment and plants these external influences should be considered. Institut international du froid international institute of refrigeration 1 7, bou l ev a rd m sh 75017, paris, france tel. The publication presents a set of equations and constants for calculating thermodynamic properties of refrigerants. This document, prepared by isotc 86sc 8wg 7, is a new international standard.
The brines considered here are aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol and of propylene glycol, which happen to be two of the most common in refrigeration, heat pump, air conditioning and solar thermal applications. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Singlecompound refrigerants september 1999 prepared by james m. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title. Physical properties of refrigerants molecular weight, boiling, freezing and critical points. Albeit numerous liquids can be utilized as a refrigerant, however in the twentieth century, cfcs turned into the most prevalent refrigerants.
Current longterm alternative refrigerants and their possible. Federal funding supporting this project constitutes 93. Earth thermophysics is a branch of geophysics that uses the naturally occurring surface temperature as a function of the cyclical variation in solar radiation to characterise planetary material properties. This paper summarizes the impact of thermophysical properties on refrigerant selection for two primary r22 replacement candidates, namely hfc404a and. This is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to r12 dichlorodifluoromethane but with insignificant ozone depletion. Technical information at22 thermodynamic properties of dupontz freon. More than a dozen chemical blends could serve as alternative refrigerants that wont heat the atmosphere as much as. R600a isobutane thermophysical properties technische. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of hfc4a have been developed and are presented here. The flash algorithms in dwsim are the components responsible for determining a particular set of phases at thermodynamic equilibrium, their. Related commercial resources ashrae handbook fundamentals chapter.
This work presents an experimental study on various thermophysical properties of a new refrigerant mixture of 65 mass % r365mfc 1,1,1,3,3pentafluorobutane and 35 mass % galden ht 55 perfluoropolyether, whose azeotropic character was confirmed in the present investigations. The chapter offers information on thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. In fact, from the thermodynamic or heatcarrying standpoint, differences among refrigerants with similar. The choice of perfect refrigerant is made in view of its ideal thermodynamic properties, nondestructive nature, and security nonharmful and noncombustible. New tables of the thermodynamic properties of dupont. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. Thermophysics in general is the geological application of thermal physics which is related to the classical physics study of thermal science remote sensing. This report provides citations and summaries from the arti refrigerant database from the recently added and key citations file.
Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. Refrigerants color codes refrigerants and their color codes. The gwp used as a reference here is the gwp of co 2 over an integration period of 100 years. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important differences between primary and secondary refrigerants. The fortran subroutines and associated fluid data files are provided for those wishing to access refprop calculations from their own applications. Calm engineering consultant 10887 woodleaf lane great falls, va 220663003 usa for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute 4301 north fairfax drive, suite 425 arlington, va 22203 usa. Huber physical and chemical properties division, national institute of. Comparison of specific volumes up to 5 degrees f five refrigerants we chose.
Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food. One way of reducing the amount of these refrigerants and the risk of leakage is to chill a secondary refrigerant, such as glycol or brine, in a centralized plant room and circulate this rather than the primary refrigerant. We tried to write a book to provide a fundamental understanding of physical properties of foods. A sample spreadsheet is included that demonstrates how the refprop dll can be linked to excel. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header. Refrigerating capacity, energy demand, temperature properties and pressure levels are comparable, at least. The specific volume of the refrigerant is the number of cubic feet of gas, which is formed when one pound of refrigerant evaporates. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of individual refrigerants, and. Safety properties of refrigerants considering flammability and toxicity are defined by ashrae standard 34 1. The most common hfc refrigerants available since the ban on hcfcs are presented in table 5. R22 and r410a split airconditioning systems were tested and compared as. Refrigeration n changes phase due to change in pressure n most common cryogens are n solid carbon dioxide n liquid carbon cook chill systems n used to replace warm. Many different refrigerants have been used in the past and are in use today with good ability to transfer heat from one place to another.
The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m. Refrigerants and read with me bible pdf refrigerating systems which are practicable but which do not at. Safety rules for the application of hydrocarbon refrigerants. This unit is intended to serve as an introductory guide to the study of refrigerants. Pdf thermophysical properties of compressor oils for. Corresponding to the table of the property functions in chapter 1 you ptu distance education prospectus pdf have to call up the function. Pdf thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r116 from cubic. The desired thermodynamic properties are a boiling point somewhat below. Icr0443 international congress of refrigeration 2003, washington, d. The refrigerants are expensive and have negative environmental impacts when released to the atmosphere. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 12 r12. The journal of physical chemistry b 2012, 116 19, 57445751. The purpose of this international standard is to address the differing performance ratings due to the differences between multiple property formulations, which is a problem especially in international trade.
Thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r4a, also known as 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane, r4a, freon 4a, forane 4a, genetron 4a, florasol 4a, suva 4a or hfc4a and norflurane inn. Class a signifies refrigerants for which toxicity has not been identified. Characteristics of refrigerants pure r12 cc 1425f425 is colorless. This chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional user. R410a refrigerant pdf thermodynamic properties of dupont suva410a refrigerant. Refrigerant r4a thermodynamic properties eng units 2 equations the mbwr equation of state was used to calculate the tables of thermodynamic properties.
Selection tips for environmentally safe refrigerants. Refrigerants refrigeration systems and applications. Sep 17, 2014 color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil. However, their impact on global warming is very large compared with traditional refrigerants. Ashraenist refrigerant conference invited talk and paper m.